The 2010 SGIA Expo welcomed what the Association describes as record crowds to the Las Vegas Convention Center from October 13-15. Equipment and materials suppliers filled the show floor with products for graphics, garment, industrial, and specialty printing applications. This article highlights some of the products shown to the North American marketplace during the Expo.

The 2010 SGIA Expo welcomed what the Association describes as record crowds to the Las Vegas Convention Center from October 13-15. Equipment and materials suppliers filled the show floor with products for graphics, garment, industrial, and specialty printing applications. This article highlights some of the products shown to the North American marketplace during the Expo.

3M displayed the new Vikuiti film for signage applications, as well as Scotchprint Wrap Film Series 1080, which is available in matte white, black, silver. 3M plans to release it in carbon-fiber-textured black and anthracite.

AGFA rolled out the :Jeti Titan, available in units ranging from 16-48 heads and print speeds up to 2430 sq ft/hr (226 sq m/hr). The company also showed the new :Anapurna M 2050, a six-color inkjet printer with white ink; :Anapurna Mw with single-pass pre-white and multi-pass post-white; :Anapurna M4f flatbed inkjet printer; :Jeti 1224 HDC FTR (flat to roll); :Jeti 3324 Aquajet fabric printer; and more.

American Ultraviolet showed its new Optima conveyor-driven curing unit. The system is available in widths of 32, 60, and 80 in. (813, 1524, 2032 mm). Standard features include belt speeds of 5-160 ft/min (1.5-49 m/min), vacuum holddown, dual power levels, and a single, optically focused lamp assembly.

AnaJet spotlighted its SPRINT, a direct-to-garment inkjet printer that can image onto light and dark apparel, including nylon, polyester, and other synthetics. It features a closed-loop ink-delivery system.

Anatol Equipment unveiled the Stratus Jumbo screen-printing press, equipped with servo indexer and AC printheads and available in a four- or five-color/six-station configuration. The company also promoted its Titan, a five-color, six-station screen press that Anatol bills as an entry-level system.

Arkwright Advanced Coating introduced a line of eight coated films for high-speed inkjet printing. All are wound on 6-in. (1524-mm) cores.

Arlon promoted its Series 3220L (luster) and Series 3220S (satin) cast overlaminates. The 2-mil vinyl films features a clear, permanent adhesive and a clay-coated release liner. Series 3220L is available in widths of 30, 48, 54, and 60 in. (762, 1219, 1372, and 1524 mm). Series 3220S is available in widths of 48 and 54 in. Available lengths include 60, 150, and 300 ft (18, 46, and 92 m).

Aurora Specialty Textiles launched Linen SP. It is engineered to improve color vibrancy, control dot gain, and maintain soft hand. The substrate is compatible with latex, solvent, and eco-solvent inks.

Avery Dennison showcased its new Supercast Series films. They are engineered for enhanced conformability and stay-down over complex curves and rivets with no tenting or lifting. The films can be used for vehicle wraps, fleet graphics, architectural applications, and more.

A.W.T. World Trade showed Jet-Kleen blow-off guns and drying systems, all of which are engineered for low pressure and high volume to deliver a powerful airflow that may be safely aimed at exposed skin. Portable and wall-mounted models are available.

Bayer Material Science—Films Unit promoted its line of polycarbonate films and highlighted Graphic Art, Chemical Resistant, Weatherable, and other specialty films.

Brother focused on its direct-to-garment inkjet printers, including the GT-541 and the dual-platen, white-ink-enabled GT-782.

Clearstar shared its StarLam 1600R, a roll-to-roll liquid laminator designed to handle media up to 64 in. (1626 mm) wide. It can be used for vehicle graphics, backlit signs, P-O-P, and more.

Colex concentrated on wide-format finishing solutions, including Rollsroller flatbed applicators and Fotoba cutting tables. The company highlighted the new Fotoba Dreamcut XLD-170, which is designed for cutting and trimming flexible inkjet and photo media.

d.gen showcased the Teleios direct-printing and fixation system. It is designed to print on polyester, paper, and other materials and can be used inline with d.gen’s Coating Machine and HeatCUTTER.

Demak America highlighted its various doming technologies and debuted KROMEX, designed for producing chrome-finished and color emblems with low-cost tooling.

Development Associates exhibited the Micro Max Doming Station and Automatic X Axis Machine, which features scripting capabilities.

Douthitt promoted its CTS Digital Screen Imager. The system, available in three formats, is designed to eliminate film-based stencilmaking and streamline prepress for screen printing.

Drytac showed its EnduraCoat Ultra Flex Gloss, Panda Print, and Artsafe 200. EnduraCoat Ultra Flex Gloss is formulated with a blend of acrylic and non-yellowing urethane polymers to enhance the outdoor durability of printed graphics. Panda Print is an opaque, printable bamboo-fiber fabric that is compatible with aqueous, eco-solvent, and UV inkjet printers. Artsafe 200 is a buffered, acid-free mounting tissue for giclée, posters, photos, and other types of prints.

DuPont promoted Vivia, a member of the Tyvek family that is engineered for vivid graphics reproduction, attractive drape, and recyclability. The company says Vivia delivers all of the high-performance benefits of standard Tyvek.

Durst introduced the Rhotex 320 for P-O-P applications. It uses MEMS technology. The system’s water-based, dispersed dyes offer two years of outdoor durability.

Dynamesh focused on V-Screen mesh, woven from VECRY-based mono-filament thread. It is engineered for high strength, low elongation, improved chemical resistance, and water-repellant characteristics.

Easiway Systems exhibited what the company describes as environmentally approved products and equipment for screen cleaning and reclaiming, including its new California-compliant product line.

EFI showed its wide-format Rastek T1000 flatbed UV (CMYKW), Rastek H652 hybrid UV (CMYKW), VUTEk GS3200 (CMYKLcLmLyLkW), and VUTEk GS5000r (CMYKLcLmLyLk), as well as its Jetrion narrow-format UV label-printing solution.

Epilog Laser emphasized its lines of Legend and Mini laser systems, both of which feature Epilog’s Air Assist, Auto Focus, and Red Dot Pointer systems.

Esko Artwork displayed the Kongsberg i-XP digital finishing system. The unit is available in three sizes, up to a maximum work area of 87 x 126 in. (2210 x 3200 mm). Each supports a maximum speed of 66 in./sec (100 m/min) and maximum acceleration of 1.5 G. The i-XP features the i-cut vision system, automatic tool leveling, PC, monitor, keyboard, and operator panel. Tools include reciprocating and static knives, crease wheels, v-notch knives, vertical knives, milling tool, drill, pen plotter, foam cutter, and more.

Fimor North America promoted its range of Serilor squeegee blades and holders, including HR high-resistance grade, SR standard grade, Ceram for ceramics applications, CD for optical discs, and more, as well as squeegee holders, sharpeners, and other related products.

Fisher Textiles focused on its new Enviro-Tex Plus fabrics for dye-sub and an UV printing. The fabrics are made from 100% Repreve yarn and 100% post-consumer waste. The three new Enviro-Tex Plus styles include ETP 9372 Reclaim Soft Knit (FR), ETP 9373 Reclaim Heavy Knit (FR), and ETP 9374 Reclaim Open Knit (FR). All are 122 in. (3099 mm) wide and, according to Fisher Textiles, meet NFPA 701 flame requirements. The company also showed a new member of its Direct Disperse product family. DD 9374 Tri Poly (FR) is a 100% polyester, 7.5-oz, three-layered, woven fabric that can be used for backlit applications.

FLEXcon emphasized its polymeric materials technologies, including barrier films, optical hardcoats, roll-to-roll films, laminates, and custom solutions for electronics applications.
Franmar Chemical showed its products for screen washing, reclaiming, dehazing, degreasing, and more. They are designed for odor-free use.

FUJIFILM North America spotlighted Taskero Universe, a process-based business solution that is designed to increase profitability and production efficiency and reduce waste and downtime.

Gandy Digital debuted the Pred8tor, a five-color (CMYK+W/Clear) wide-format flatbed UV inkjet printer with roll-to-roll option and WiFi-enabled control via the Apple iPad.

Geo Knight & Co promoted its lines of digital heat presses, including the Digital Knight SwingAway and Clamshell units, as well as the Digital Combo Multipurpose press.

Gerber showcased its CAT UV, a wide-format inkjet printer that features the company’s Cold Fire Cure technology for imaging directly onto a variety of materials, including heat-sensitive plastic, vinyl, fabric, and paper-based materials. Gerber also highlighted the M Series Turbo flatbed cutting table.

GraphicsOne displayed its RJ900 iO and Kalendar Dual 66. RJ900 iO features an integrated heating system, prints SEPIAX ink (CMYK) at resolutions up to 2880 dpi, accepts media up to 42.5 in. (1080 mm) wide, and prints at speeds up to 100 sq ft/hr (9 sq m/hr). Kalendar Dual 66 is a heat-transfer system designed for dye-sub and direct-to-fabric fixation. It reaches temperatures up to 428°F (220°C), operates at speeds up to 3.5 ft/min (1.08 m/min), supports a maximum working width of 67 in. (1680 mm), and features a 10-in.-diameter (254-mm) heating cylinder, infrared heating source, reverse operation, digital temperature display, and more.

Grapo Technologies highlighted its Gemini, an eight-color (2 x CMYK + 2 x optional head) flatbed UV inkjet printer with optional roll-to-roll operation that accommodates media up to 78.75 in. (2000 mm) wide. Gemini can print onto ceramic tile, textiles, wood, cork, carpet, and corrugated materials.

Heraeus Amba/Heraeus Noblelight made UV-curing and metal-halide lamps for industrial applications the focus at its booth. The company’s lamps may be used in the manufacture of graphics and packaging, labels, circuit boards, decorated metals and glass, inkjet printing, adhesive curing, and more.

Hewlett-Packard emphasized its HP Scitex FB7500 and HP Scitex TJ8600 inkjet printers, designed to print 95 full beds/hr and 80 sheets/hr, respectively. Both systems print UV inks. Printed graphics are rated for two years of outdoor durability.

Herculite Products promoted Bantex Digital Media, a line of indoor and outdoor banner materials for digital printing, and Printer’s Choice Screen Print Media, designed for bright colors and sharp images.
Hix Corp. showcased its new TT-110 exposure unit, LIL PRO screen-print shop, pre-stretched RETEN Frames, NPII conveyor dryers, and the HIX Verticure dryer for direct-to-garment prints.
i-cut shared its Vision Pro, an integrated hardware/software solution designed to improve accuracy of cutting registration in graphics finishing. Vision Pro’s operating software is now at version 7.0.

Image Technology emphasized its phthalate-free plastisol inks, water-based textile inks, discharge and burnout formulations, and UV inks. The company also showed its SWR200 automated ink-washing and reclaiming system.

Inca’s upgraded Onset S20 was unveiled. The company says the inkjet printer is now 15% faster and can image at speeds up to 3330 sq ft/hr (309 sq m/hr). The new print mode is being issued to existing owners as a free upgrade and is standard on new Onset S20 models.

Inkcups Now put the spotlight on Power Jet, a solvent inkjet printer for promotional products; B100 semiautomatic, single-color, sealed-cup, tabletop-format pad press; ICN-220 semiautomatic, two-color, sealed-cup pad press; and ICN Autowash, an inkcup-cleaning system that can process up to four 6-in. (150-mm) cups at a time.

Insta Graphic Systems highlighted its image-transfer products, including Ultraspan II for stretchable fabrics, Superflex HP for general use, FastTrans for soft-hand applications, LabelTrans for tagless labels, TufTrans for hard-to-print fabrics, Offset Litho for fine-detail graphics, 3M Reflective for conspicuity, Foil for shine, FastTrans II for soft-hand graphics and labels, Sublimation for synthetics, High Density II for texture, and Phat Free (CPSIA compliant) for labels and graphics on cotton and blends.

Intelicoat showed GFPHOTO 240, compatible with solvent, eco-solvent, UV, and latex inks; and STICK-2, compatible with solvent, eco-solvent, aqueous, UV and latex inks. Both are part of the company’s Magic line of media.

Interchange Equipment promoted its lines of garment, graphics, and industrial dryers, including the Airjet, MD8, and UVJet, as well as equipment from industry partners for screen cleaning/reclaiming and more.
International Coatings focused on Astro Clear 3826, a special-effect ink that is formulated to appear nearly invisible when viewed under normal lighting conditions and become apparent under a blacklight; BlowOut Base 3810, formulated to blister and bubble to form a spongy surface; and Destructo White 3822, designed for creating vintage or antique effects.

INX Digital showed the Evolve DCP100, a four-color (CMYK) inkjet printer designed for printing on two-piece coated or uncoated aluminum cans. It features a UV LED curing system. The company also introduced Triangle EDX ECO ink, an eco-solvent formulation.

ITW Trans Tech highlighted the InDecs direct-to-substrate UV inkjet printer. The modular system uses a six-color ColorBond inkset (CMYKW+Clear) and supports imaging resolutions up to 360 dpi (900-dpi apparent). Print width is expandable in increments of 2.1 or 2.7 in. (53 x 69 mm). The system features inline UV curing and ink pinning and prints at speeds of 10 in./sec (254 mm/sec) or more. It accepts the optional QuickFix tooling-tray system, vacuum table, and other parts-handling solution. Control is via a Windows XP-based system with custom graphic user interface.

Kornit put the spotlight on its Avalanche 951, a dual-platen inkjet printer for light and dark garments that is designed to print four-color-process designs onto apparel at a rate of up to 300 garments/hr.

Lawson Screen & Digital Products debuted its Express-Jet line of inkjet printers. The Express-Jet T is a direct-to-garment system that uses what Lawson describes as industrial printheads that support imaging resolutions up to 1200 dpi and are designed for high-quality, high-speed applications. The Express-Jet/ASI is a direct-to-substrate printer that uses UV LED curing and is engineered to handle ad-specialty applications. The Express-Jet Graphic is a wide-format flatbed inkjet printer that features a moving table and scanning head and supports a maximum print area of 52 x 72 in. (1321 x 1829 mm).

Leister shared the Triac S, a hand tool for welding industrial fabrics. It features steplessly controlled temperature range, motor shutoff at minimal carbon level, and more.

M&R promoted its Challenger III, Alpha 8, Sportsman E, and Diamondback automatic garment presses; i-Dot 4100 and 2100 direct-to-garment printers; i-Prep pretreatment system; i-Screen computer-to-screen imaging system; and more.

MACtac launched its IMAGin B•Free Gruv, available in three models; ColorGard overlaminates; B•free window films, available in three finishes; RoughRAP, designed for application to brick and other rough-textured wall surfaces; and Permacolor PermaFlex, available in two models.

Marabu focused on its new UltraSwitch UVSW UV-curable screen ink and Maraswitch MSW solvent-based screen ink for membrane switches. The inks can be used separately or together in the same application. They’re formulated for very good multilayer adhesion in full-area prints, elasticity and excellent post-processing, high peel-off, opacity, and more. The company also showed Ultraglass UVGL and Ultraglass UVGO, both of which are UV-curable inks for glass. The heavy-metal-free formulations are designed to resist dishwashing, alkalines, and scratching.

Mimaki highlighted its new JFX plus Series wide-format inkjet printers. Two models are available (JFX-1615 plus and JFX-1631 plus), and both feature UV LD curing. The company also highlighted the UJF-3042, a tabletop-format inkjet printer designed to image directly onto a variety of materials. It features UV LED curing, simultaneous white over and underprinting, a six-color inkset, and clearance for media up to 1.97 in. (50 mm) thick. The system supports variable data.

Mitsubishi Plastics Composites showed ACM materials for signage, including GRAPHIC•AL LT, HP, OR, and DP.

Neschen Americas’ Seal brand booth had a pedestal dedicated to the 54 EL cold-roll laminator. The unit features a manually adjustable nip to 1 in. (25 mm), uniframe construction, 14-ft/min (4-m/min) production speed, auto-grip shafts, flip-up in-feed table, footswitch for hands-free operation, and more. It accommodates media up to 54 in. (1372 mm) wide.

Nicomatic promoted its CrimpFlex Connector System; SwitchAir Non-Stick Metal Snap Domes, designed for use with pick-and-place machines; Ultra-Thin SMD LEDs, designed for the membrane-switch industry; and more.

Norcote emphasized its IM Series NVP-free in-mold-decorating system. The inks are formulated for excellent opacity, flexibility, and gate-wash resistance. IM Series inks do not require the use of a tie-coat. Norcote says the system delivers a very durable and abrasion-resistant ink film after forming and molding.

Onyx debuted Version X10 of its RIPCenter, PosterShop, and ProductionHouse workflow solutions. According to Onyx, the new software simplifies color management, improves file handling, delivers smoother color blends and gradients, streamlines media profiling, offers better control of ink costs, and more. The upgrade is available as a Web download or an installer DVD. Version X10 installs in a new directory, leaving the previous version intact. It imports existing RIP settings and printers and eliminates the need to re-profile media.

Oracal featured its Series 3951HT, a 2-mil, cast, PVC film backed with a high-tack adhesive. It offers seven years of outdoor durability and, according to Oracal, is compatible with a wide selection of popular inkjet printers. The company also promoted Series 975 Carbon Fiber Cast and Series 970RA Wrapping Cast. Series 975 is a 5-mil film that is textured to appear like carbon fiber. It is engineered for dimensional stability and conformability. Series 970RA is designed for vehicle wraps. It features RapidAir technology and is available in 38 opaque colors.

Owosso Graphic Arts promoted its brass, copper, and magnesium dies for hot stamping, thermal kiss-cutting, overlay embossing, custom applications, and more.

OYO Instruments highlighted its thermal films, designed to support creation of positives and negatives at resolutions up to 1200 dpi, as well as its direct-to-screen systems, which are engineered to work without the use of inks, toners, or chemicals.

Pad Print Machinery of Vermont put the spotlight on its XD070, an inkjet printer designed for multicolor printing on flat and semi-flat surfaces. Features include support for variable data; continuous, multicolor printing in a single pass; integrated RIP; print speeds up to 16 in./sec (406 mm) at 360 dpi; support for printable items up to 12 x 12 in. (305 x 305 mm); automatic height detection; optional automatic parts handling, pre-treatment, and vision systems; job queuing; and more.

Polytype unveiled the Impala hybrid UV inkjet printer from swissQprint. It uses a nine-color inkset (CMYKLcLmLkW), supports drop sizes from 12-42 pl, offers imaging resolutions up to 1440 dpi and print speeds up to 1442 sq ft/hr (134 sq m/hr) in flatbed mode and 1324 sq ft/hr (123 sq m/hr) in roll-fed mode, and accommodates a maximum print area of 8 x 5 ft (2.5 x 1.5 m). Lacquers and spot colors are available as options.

Pregis Hexacomb introduced Falconboard Mount, a non-petroleum-based backing board for flexible materials. Its 100% paper construction includes pre- and post-consumer recycled fibers.

Proell spotlighted its NoriCure MPF, a UV-curable screen-printing ink designed for deep-draw applications. Proell says the inks show good adhesion to a wide range of substrates, can be drawn to 350% without color variation, and cure quickly. The inks are NVP-free. The company also showed its Mirror Ink series, which includes M1, a high-gloss formulation; M2, designed for scratch resistance after jet drying and available in eight colorants; M3, developed for highest gloss, easy processing, and excellent resistance to humidity; and FSI, formulated for first-surface applications.

Richmond Graphic Products promoted its SolarBeam DirectJet screen-exposure system, designed to create stencils from screens imaged on CTS systems, as well as the Direct-
JET Pro computer-to-screen system, engineered to use UV-blocking inks and equipped with Z-axis motion for printhead protection.

Riley Hopkins Screen Printing Machinery promoted its Joystick Registration system, single- and multicolor benchtop screen presses, freestanding manual screen presses, Lowrider printer/dryer system, and more.

Roland showcased its VS Series VersaCAMM wide-format inkjet printer/cutters. They feature three Eco-Sol Max ink configurations (CMYKLcLm, 2 x CMYK, CMYKLcLm+Silver+White) and are available in 42-, 54-, and 64-in. (1067-, 1372-, and 1626-mm) models. Each supports maximum imaging resolution of 1440 x 720 dpi and offers cutting force/offset of 30-300 gf/0-1.5 mm. Maximum print speeds are 248, 228, and 125 sq ft/hr for the 64-, 54-, and 42-in. models, respectively. Maximum cutting speed is 11.8 in/sec (300 mm/sec) for all models.

SaatiPrint USA promoted its mesh, chemical emulsions, frames, stencil films, Bopp wire cloth, Duralife squeegees, screen inks from Dubuit and Marabu, and more.

Sawgrass showed MxF ink for wide-format inkjets. The aqueous ink is formulated for imaging onto nylon and polyester and does not require post-print steaming or washing.

Screen USA showcased its Truepress Jet2500UV, a hybrid inkjet printer that accommodates rigid media up to 98.4 x 51.1 in. (2500 x 1300 mm) and roll-fed media up to 164 ft (50 m) long. It supports imaging resolutions up to 1500 dpi and print speeds up to 72 sq ft/hr (67.5 sq m/hr). Truepress Jet2500UV prints a four-color (CMYK) inkset. Light cyan, light magenta, and white are available as options. Other options include additional print table, battery box, cart for roll media, signal tower, and guide for corrugated cardboard.

Sihl Digital Imaging introduced Latex Backlit Matte 3832 (5.5 mil), Latex/Solvent/UV Photo Satin 3183 (6 mil), Instant Dry Gloss White Blockout 3198 (7 mil), PolySOL Pop-Up 3526 (12 mil), ClearSTICK 3166 (2 mil), Quick STICK Glossy SAV 3176 (4 mil) Illustra Satin Canvas 3186 (19 mil), Illumina Gloss Canvas 3185 (19 mil), and Irradia Matte Canvas 3184 (15 mil).

Summa unveiled its F Series flatbed cutting system. It accommodates media up to 65 in. (1650 mm) wide, supports a maximum cutting area of 63 x 47.2 in. (1600 x 1200 mm), cuts at speeds up to 39.4 in./sec (1000 mm/sec), accelerates at speeds up to 1 G, and supports a maximum force of 200 N (vertical and horizontal). Ten different knives are available, as are drag and tangential modules, as well as oscillating, kiss-cutting, single-edge-cutout, double-edge-cutout, heavy-duty-cutout, and medium and large creasing tools. Axis Control software is included. SummaFlex is available a as a front-end application for job preparation, post-processing, and importing from CAD and illustration software.

Sustainable Green Printing Partnership promoted its certification program and announced that 25 printing operations are now SGP certified.

SWF/MESA Distributors showed its equipment for apparel decoration, including DTG Digital direct-to-garment printers, CAMS automatic rhinestone machines, SWF embroidery machines, and more.

Teckwin highlighted its TS-300, a wide-format hybrid UV inkjet printer that uses a seven-color inkset (CMYKLcLmW), features an eight-zone vacuum bed, and supports print speeds up to 900 sq ft/hr (84 sq m/hr) on 2-in.-thick (51-mm) rigid media up to 97 x 60 in. (2464 x 1524 mm) and roll-fed substrates up to 72 in. (1829 mm) wide. Its workstation runs on Windows XP. Teckwin Edition Caldera RIP software comes bundled with the printer.

Triangle Ink showed its line of plastisols and promoted specialty formulations and the Sta-Tru line of white inks, formulated for polyester, 50/50 blends, fleece, canvas, nylon, and other materials.

Ulano highlighted its lines of capillary films, emulsion, chemicals, and other prepress products, including EZ FILM Textile Capillary Film. it is designed as an alternative to direct emulsion for garment screen printing.
Ultraflex unveiled UltraTex Blockout C330, Artex Green FL, Paramount Mesh, and SuperSmooth PET Blockout.

ValueVinyls highlighted Grand-Flex 15 oz. Backlit FR, designed for indoor and short- and long-term outdoor applications. It is compatible with solvent and UV inks.

Vastex promoted its VRS, an off-press pin-registration system; the V-1000 manual screen press with microregistration; and more.

Visual Magnetics exhibited its eponymous graphic-display system. It consists of seven micro-iron-coated MagnaMedia substrates; adhesive-backed and double-sided, non-adhesive InvisiLock sheet magnets, and ActiveWall magnetic-receptive primer that facilitates the use of InvisiLock on walls and other surfaces.

Vycom showed Celtec, a foamed PVC board that can be printed and used for store displays, signage, P-O-P applications, and more. It can also be used for three-dimensional exhibits.

Wasatch Computer Technology put emphasis on SoftRIP SP Precision Rosette Hybrid Screens. The solution is designed to combine the best properties of AM halftones and FM stochastic halftones by merging them in the same image, control highlight moiré, eliminate highlight breaks, and more.

Zund promoted its G3 line of digital cutters. Available in nine con-figurations, G3 supports the use of universal, 1-kW router, and punching/notching modules, as well as 11 different tools. The systems cut materials up to 2 in. (50 mm) thick and feature an integrated variable vacuum system. Cutter extensions and sheetfeeders are available.